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Emerald darter
The emerald darter (''Etheostoma baileyi''), a fish species in the family Percidae found only in northern and eastern Kentucky and northeastern Tennessee. ''E. baileyi'' is a member of the snubnose darter subgenus (''Ulocentra'') and shares many similarities with other species in the group, such as eight or nine dorsal saddles, a blunt nose, scales on the belly, and other distinguishing characteristics. Emerald darters are moderate-sized darters, ranging from 2.9 to 5.0 cm.〔Gumm J.M., T.C. Mendelson. "The Evolution of Multi-Component Visual Signals in Darters (Etheostoma). Current Zoology (2011) 57: 125-139.〕 Males are generally slightly larger and are more dramatically colored than females, with green accents on various parts of their bodies.〔Page, L., B. Burr. 1991. A Field Guide to the Freshwater Fishes: North America north of Mexico. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.〕 Emerald darters can be found in rocky pools of small to medium creeks and rivers that maintain temperatures ranging from 0 to 25°C. As suggested by the emerald darter’s subterminal mouth, they are benthic feeders, primarily consuming small invertebrates such as microcrustaceans, various types of larvae, and nematodes. Emerald darters tend to feed during the day, and their diets largely depend on the time of year, as prey availability changes due to season.〔Clayton, J. 1984. Population Differences and Life History of Emerald Darter, Etheostoma baileyi (Pisces, Percidae). University of Kentucky, Lexington: M.S. Thesis.〕 No predators of emerald darters are known, and their cryptic coloration may help to conceal them in riffles with brightly colored rocks.
== Distribution ==
''E. baileyi'' is restricted to the Cumberland Plateau, including only the upper Cumberland River drainages in eastern Kentucky and northeastern Tennessee. Rivers where emerald darters can be found include the Red River, Jacks Creek, Indian Creek in Kentucky, and Clear Creek, Elk Creek, Poor Creek, and other small water systems. Though populations have fluctuated through the years, the emerald darter’s geographic range has stayed the same, and in some areas they can even be found in abundance.〔Shute, P. W. and D. A. Etnier. 2001. Southeastern Fishes Council Regional Reports, Region III — North-Central. Southeastern Fishes Council Proceedings 42:19–20.〕 Populations may have experienced declines in the past due to strip-mining and siltation in the gravel substrates in which it spawns.
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